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QUESTION 1

1. Qualitative research is likely to prove most efficient when the research objective is to:

   		find the average number of cups of coffee taken by the employees of a particular organization
   		determine the magnitude of a response
   		calculate the mode of a set of numerical data
   		understand a cultural phenomenon
   		calculate the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses

10 points

QUESTION 2

1. Which of the following statements applies to qualitative analysis?

   		It does not employ the member checking method
   		It mainly deals with textual data
   		Its goal is to quantify the magnitude of variables
   		Qualitative analysis is non-iterative
   		Qualitative analysis is not inductive

10 points

QUESTION 3

1. The difference between quantitative and qualitative analyses is that:

   		the data used in qualitative analyses is numerical in nature
   		qualitative data quantifies the magnitude of variables
   		quantitative analysis tends to be ongoing and iterative
   		quantitative analysis involves employ member checking
   		qualitative data analysis is largely inductive

10 points

QUESTION 4

1. Grace, an ethnographer, observes the traditional way of serving dinner in a Chinese household and makes a note of it in her journal. She then asks the head of the family to read her description to verify that it is accurate. In doing this, Grace is involved in:

   		member checking
   		test marketing
   		data categorization
   		memo check back
   		triangulation

10 points

QUESTION 5

1. A researcher is involved in the process of reading transcripts from a field study and categorizing the data. The researcher arranges similar responses together. This process is referred to as:

   		data reduction
   		member checking
   		peer reviewing
   		verification of data
   		sugging

10 points

QUESTION 6

1. Which of the following is true about negative case analysis?

   		It helps to establish boundaries and conditions for the theories developed by qualitative researchers
   		It mainly involves the determination of mean in numerical data
   		Negative case analysis is are restricted to the data reduction stage of qualitative analyses
   		It primarily calculates the range of a given quantitative data
   		Negative case analysis is are restricted to the memoing stage of qualitative analyses

10 points

QUESTION 7

1. While preparing a data display for a qualitative study, a researcher draws a picture that shows the collective connections that informants make between concepts and ideas. This is most likely an example of a:

   		causal diagram
   		tree display
   		consensus map
   		recursive diagram
   		checklist

10 points

QUESTION 8

1. In order to establish the emic validity of his/her research findings, a researcher must primarily show that:

   		similar results have been reported by others working independently on the problem
   		similar results can be obtained if the study were to be repeated
   		key members of the group included in the study agreed with the findings of the study
   		the findings of the study can be generalized
   		the research methodology of the study complies with the necessary research standards

10 points

QUESTION 9

1. Lisa conducts a qualitative study of people’s online shopping behavior. She compares her results to that of similar studies and finds a similarity in coding across multiple studies. On the basis of the given information, we can say that Lisa’s study:

   		has emic validity
   		has cross-researcher cultural reliability
   		is not generalizable
   		is quantifiable
   		is not credible

10 points

QUESTION 10

1. Credibility is best defined as the:

   		degree to which a specific investigated issue leads the respondent to give a socially expected response
   		level of preparation required to create an appropriate environment for the respondents participating in a research
   		degree of rigor, believability, and trustworthiness established by qualitative research
   		degree to which research data is qualitative or quantitative in nature
   		degree to which results of a research are socially acceptable

10 points

QUESTION 11

1. When writing a research report, which of the following sections typically includes the literature review?

   		Introduction
   		Analysis of the data/findings
   		Conclusions and recommendations
   		Description of research methods
   		Research objectives

10 points

QUESTION 12

1. While preparing data, Shania identifies a number of tasks that have to be performed. Which of the following should she begin with?

   		Data validation
   		Editing and coding
   		Data analysis
   		Data entry
   		Data tabulation

10 points

QUESTION 13

1. An example of fraud in the data validation process is when the interviewer:

   		contacts the respondent simply to get a name and address and then proceeds to falsify the interview.
   		misrepresents himself/herself to the respondent
   		does not submit all the data collected during the collection process
   		unconsciously or not, injects a tone of negativity
   		distributes the data collected to various organizations thereby violating confidentiality agreements.

10 points

QUESTION 14

1. Which of the following is permissible in the process of validation?

   		An interviewer may inject a tone of negativity into the interviewing process
   		A researcher may contact the respondent to reaffirm the negativity of the interviewer
   		To determine the correctness of the interview, a researcher can recontact a sample of respondents and ask about questions from different parts of the questionnaire
   		In order to speed through the interview, an interviewer may choose to not follow the specific procedure for collecting data from respondents
   		If an interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the respondent can skip those questions

10 points

QUESTION 15

1. Which of the following is true of skip questions?

   		In order to speed through the data collection process, an interviewer may ask the respondent a few skip questions
   		If the interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, he/she can recontact respondents and verify their responses to skip questions
   		If the interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the respondent can skip those questions
   		If a respondent on a self-administered survey fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the interviewer may inject a tone of negativity into the interviewing process.
   		Skip questions are a problem with online surveys since the computer controls the sequence of answering questions

10 points

QUESTION 16

1. Which of the following is true of coding?

   		The process of coding begins by assigning a numerical value as a code
   		For open-ended questions, a coding process should be prepared before collecting data
   		When reviewing responses to open-ended questions, the researcher attaches a value from the developed response list
   		Coding makes subsequent analysis tougher as the researcher will find it difficult to interpret averages if higher values occur as the average moves from “dislike” to “like.”
   		Assigning a coded value to missing data should be avoided by researchers

10 points

QUESTION 17

1. In the four-step process of developing codes for responses, in which stage does one address the issue of missing data?

   		Consolidation of responses
   		Generating a list of potential responses
   		Completing the partial responses with best judgment responses
   		Assigning a value to each response
   		Assigning a numerical value as a code

10 points

QUESTION 18

1. The first step in error detection is to:

   		reject an error value when it is very large or very small for a particular scaled item on the questionnaire.
   		determine whether the software used for data entry performs “error edit routines” that identify the wrong type of data
   		categorize the number of errors to two or more questions, thus showing the relationship between those two variables
   		determine the amount of nonresponse to individual questions
   		identify the number of respondents who did not answer various questions on the questionnaire

10 points

QUESTION 19

1. The simple process of counting the number of observations (cases) that are classified into certain categories is known as _____.

   		tabulation
   		editing
   		screening
   		validation
   		data entry

10 points

QUESTION 20

1. Which of the following measures is an indicator of how similar or dissimilar the numbers are in the set of responses?

   		Cross-tabulations
   		Mean
   		Median
   		Mode
   		Standard deviation

10 points

QUESTION 21

1. Which of the following is true of the mean?

   		It is a qualitative measure
   		It The mean is greatly affected by the addition and deletion of data
   		It is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses
   		it the mean can be distorted if when extreme values are included in the distribution
   		It is the value that appears in the distribution most often

10 points

QUESTION 22

1. Which of the following measures of central tendency is especially useful when measuring ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left?

   		Mean
   		Median
   		Mode
   		Standard Deviation
   		Variance

10 points

QUESTION 23

1. A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years. The measure that would most accurately answer this question is:

   		Mean
   		Median
   		Mode
   		Range
   		Standard deviation

10 points

QUESTION 24

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding hypothesis?

   		Hypotheses can be derived from current business situation but not from previous research theory
   		A hypothesis is a proven supposition
   		A hypothesis is typically developed after data collection
   		The alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between the group means
   		The null hypothesis is typically not tested

10 points

QUESTION 25

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding statistical techniques?

   		When researchers need to examine multiple variables, a univariate statistical technique is required
   		For nominal data, the mean is the most appropriate measure of central tendency
   		Parametric statistics are appropriate when the data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is large
   		Parametric statistics are used in the case of a normal distribution that cannot be assumed
   		With ordinal data, the mode is the most appropriate measure of central tendency

10 points

QUESTION 26

1. Which of the following statements is true about cross-tabulation?

   		Cross-tabulation tables show percentage calculations based on row variable totals
   		It cannot determine whether differences exist among subgroups of the total sample.
   		Demographic variables are typically used as rows and other research variables are used as columns in cross-tabulation
   		It reports absolute frequencies but not percentages
   		The selection of variables for cross-tabulation should be driven by the objectives of the research study

10 points

QUESTION 27

1. Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is true?

   		Chi-square analysis compares the observed frequencies of the responses with the expected frequencies
   		When the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must accept the null hypothesis
   		The larger the Chi-square, the less likely it is that the two variables that are measured are related
   		The expected frequencies in a Chi-square cannot be calculated theoretically
   		Categorical data from questions about sex, education, or other nominal variables cannot be tested with this statistic

10 points

QUESTION 28

1. Which of the following statements is true about the t-test?

   		The t-test provides a mathematical way of determining if the difference between the two sample means occurred by chance
   		The larger the value of the standard error of the difference between the two means, the larger the value of t.
   		The t-test cannot be used when the population standard deviation is unknown
   		In order to conduct a t-test, the sample size should be larger than 30
   		The t-test cannot be used for interval or ratio data

10 points

QUESTION 29

1. In the context of the analysis of variance, which of the following is true?

   		It can determine the statistical difference between three or more means
   		It requires that the dependent variable be nonmetric
   		It requires that the independent variable not be categorical
   		The null hypothesis for ANOVA always states that there is a difference between the dependent variable groups
   		It requires that the dependent variable be categorical

10 points

QUESTION 30

1. In the context of ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater?

   		When the variance within groups is zero
   		When the variance across groups is very low while the variance within groups is very high
   		When the variance across groups is the same as that within groups
   		When the variance across groups is significantly higher compared to that within groups
   		When the variance across groups is a negative integer and the variance within groups is a positive integer

10 points

QUESTION 31

1. Which of the following statements about the Scheffé test is correct?

   		If the difference between each pair of means falls inside the range of the confidence interval, then the null hypothesis is rejected
   		If the difference between each pair of means falls outside the range of the confidence interval, it can be concluded that the pairs of means are statistically similar
   		It is equivalent to simultaneous two-tailed hypothesis tests
   		The confidence intervals tend to be narrower in this method than in other methods
   		The test identifies differences between all pairs of means at high confidence interval ranges but not at between low confidence interval ranges

10 points

QUESTION 32

1. The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a(n):

   		deviation
   		mode
   		variance
   		range
   		average

10 points

QUESTION 33

1. Variance is:

   		the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of values
   		an empirically testable statement that is an unproven supposition developed in order to explain phenomena
   		a statement that asserts the status quo; that is, any change from what has been thought to be true is due to random sampling order
   		a statement that is the opposite of the null hypothesis
   		the error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

10 points

QUESTION 34

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding hypothesis?

   		Hypotheses can be derived from current business situation but not from previous research theory
   		A hypothesis is a proven supposition
   		A hypothesis is typically developed after data collection
   		The alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between the group means
   		The null hypothesis is typically not tested

10 points

QUESTION 35

1. The introduction section of a research report usually includes:

   		a literature review
   		data displays
   		a summary of the findings
   		recommendations
   		research questions

10 points

QUESTION 36

1. Which of the following is generally included in the last section of the research report?

   		Literature review
   		Data displays
   		Summary of the findings
   		Recommendations
   		Research questions

10 points

QUESTION 37

1. Which of the following statements about verbatims is true?

   		One can use verbatims in the textual report but not in live presentations
   		Researchers should select verbatims that are more memorable rather than revealing of patterns in their data
   		Verbatims are quotes from fellow researchers who are not directly involved in the study
   		Verbatims can be used to underscore important points
   		Verbatims are quotes from the researcher who conducts a particular study